Water Quality in Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world and no other country has as much of its surface area covered by fresh water as Canada does. It spans over 4000 miles from coast to coast with 563 large lakes, 52,255 islands and 7% of the world’s renewable fresh water. Of particular note is that 40% of its border with the United States is composed of water which is mainly shared within the great lakes region.

Comprising ten provinces and three territories, treating water in this vast country presents challenges as urban density and rural vastness present different challenges for policies, regulation, monitoring and  treatment. While thought of in the past, it can be argued that it is not a safe assumption to think that all water in Canada is pristine and safe, with new reports and studies identifying contamination. 

According to a February 2020 article by the Canadian Press, Canada has pumped nearly 900 billion litres of raw sewage into its waterways since 2013, with 2018’s overflow amounts 44 percent higher than 2013. It’s basically impossible to know for sure as there is no standard baseline and not all records are kept.

Mark Mattson, president of Swim Drink Fish Canada was quoted to say “the number is also far lower than the actual amount of polluted water Canada produces each year because the data isn’t looking at leaks from all municipal water systems, only those that have combined sewer and stormwater pipes”.

There is no safe level of lead, according to the World Health Organization. It remains as one of the most widespread contaminants in water across all of Canada. Levels above the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (CDWQG) are being found in towns and cities across Canada as testing and public concern grows. Guidelines, standards, codes of practice, and policies only become enforceable when they are implemented in legislation. 

In 2019 it was reported that hundreds of thousands of Canadians could be consuming tap water laced with high levels of lead leaching from aging infrastructure and plumbing. This was a key conclusion of a year-long investigation by more than 120 journalists from nine universities and 10 media organizations, including the Toronto Star, Global News and Concordia University’s Institute for Investigative Journalism.

In Canada approximately 30.3% of the population or 8.9 million people rely on groundwater for domestic use. Health Canada has identified more than 80 harmful substances that are commonly found in drinking water. By no means comprehensive, this list includes items such as micro-organisms and bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum by-products and radioactive materials.

Each province and territory provide water testing options through local health units and laboratories with varying consistency across the country. There is no universal standard for well water testing in Canada with some provinces providing bacterial testing at no cost. Some offer additional testing options such as physico-chemical parameters through fee based testing with an accredited laboratory. There is no testing provided by a province or territory for a private individual that meets all of the parameters identified in the CDWQG that is free of charge. 

Since the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines are voluntary non-enforceable guidelines, Canadian provinces and territories are able to choose whether or not to adopt the CDWQG, to what extent they apply the guidelines and whether to make them legally enforceable. It is clear that there is no consensus with respect to how to govern and regulate drinking water quality across the large and geographically complex provinces and territories within Canada.

Water pollution, conservation, quality and management issues mirror those already identified in the United States with time lags to recognition and regulation in Canada. Improved collaboration between relevant associations, regulators and policy makers to share resources and knowledge would shorten the curve for solutions and regulatory changes to ensure that they are enforced properly.

Within the federal government, over 20 departments and agencies have unique responsibilities for fresh water. All provinces and territories in Canada have pollution control regulations, deciding which substances to control, to determine their concentrations and how they may enter the environment.

The Federal Water Policy released in 1987 highlights the water-related activities of all federal departments. The policy takes into account the needs of all Canadians in its overall objective: “to encourage the use of freshwater in an efficient and equitable manner consistent with the social, economic and environmental needs of present and future generations.” 

To manage Canada's water resources, the federal government has defined two main goals: “to protect and enhance the quality of the water resource; and to promote the wise and efficient management and use of water.” The policy stresses that government action is not enough. Canadians at large must become aware of the true value of water in their daily lives and use it wisely.                                                                            

Canadian Water Report
A National Water Assessment was released in 2017 after over four years of research by the environmental advocacy organization World Wildlife Fund Canada. It was intended to provide a national snapshot of the state of Canada's water by assembling and comparing data for 167 sub watersheds across the country.